Abomination of Desolation

According to Jesus, the “abomination of desolation” would appear in the city of Jerusalem. As described by him, the event would be local, not global. Likewise, His admonition for his disciples to flee was applicable to the city and the immediately surrounding area. At that time, any disciple remaining in Judea and Jerusalem must flee to the hills to escape an imminent and horrendous event -[Photo by Yoal Desurmont on Unsplash].

When disciples saw armies surrounding Jerusalem, they were to flee the city without delay, otherwise, they would experience its “desolation.”

• (Matthew 24:15-16) - “When therefore you see the abomination of desolation, which was spoken of by Daniel the prophet, standing in the holy place (let him that reads understand); then let them that are in Judaea flee to the mountains.”
• (Luke 21:20-21) - “But when you see Jerusalem compassed with armies, then know that her desolation is at hand. Then let them that are in Judaea flee to the mountains; and let them that are in the middle of her depart; and let not them that are in the country enter it.”

“FLEE JERUSALEM!”: The “abomination of desolation” would bring judgment on the Jewish nation - (“Wrath upon this people”), not on the Roman Empire or the Gentiles. Jesus commanded any disciples living in Judea and Jerusalem to escape the “wrath,” not Christians living in Italy, Gaul, or Egypt.

In the ancient world, the normal reaction to an invading army was to flee into the nearest walled city. Jesus told his disciples to do the exact opposite - Flee to the mountains.

Anyone remaining “on the housetop must not go down or enter in to get anything out of his house.” Judean homes had flat roofs accessible by an outer staircase. When the “abomination” appeared, there would be no time to climb down from the roof to gather possessions from the home - Immediate flight was the only way to avoid disaster. “Let not him who is in the field return home to take his clothes.”

“Pray that your flight is not in the winter or on the Sabbath.” Again, his words picture a Judean setting.  In winter, ravines that were dry in the summer became swollen torrents from the winter rains. On Sabbath days, city gates were closed to prevent anyone from entering or leaving.

Jesus expressed concern about “them that are with child and to them that give suck.” Under normal circumstances, a hasty flight was difficult enough for a pregnant woman. How much more so in a time of sudden calamity?

“WHEN YOU SEE IT”: Jesus warned his disciples not to be alarmed when they "heard rumors of wars” spread by deceivers. Here, however, he exhorted them to flee when they “saw” the “abomination of desolation.” The contrast between what they “heard” from “deceivers” and what they themselves would “see” is deliberate.

“Deceivers” spread rumors about wars, earthquakes, and famines to cause alarm and raise false expectations. But Jesus provided an observable event with clear instructions on what to do, flee  Jerusalem.  This would be a very public event, something not easily missed.

“DESOLATION”:  Previously, Jesus used “desolation” in his pronouncement against the “scribes and Pharisees” (erémos). “All these things will come upon this generation…Behold, your house is DESOLATE (erémos). “House” was applied metaphorically for the Temple. Earlier, Jesus called the Temple a “house of prayer.” His pronouncement was followed by his prediction of the Temple’s total destruction - (Matthew 21:13, 23:13-33, 24:1-2).

“Desolate” or erémos connects this earlier warning to the Pharisees to the prediction of the “abomination of desolation,” the erémōsis. The Greek term signifies “abandonment, desertion, to vacate or forsake.” That is, to abandon or leave the “house,” thereby making it “desolate.”

Erémos is a common adjective in the New Testament, but its noun form, erémōsis, occurs only three times, always applied to the “abomination of desolation” - (Matthew 24:15, Mark 13:14, Luke 21:20).

“ABOMINATION”: The Greek noun belugma refers to something “foul, detestable.” It is related to the verb bdelussō - “to abhor, to detest.” The same Greek word is applied to the “Great Whore” in the book of Revelation, she who had “a cup in her hand, full of abominations.” In Jewish writings, the term was associated with idolatry and ritual pollution - (Matthew 24:15, Mark 13:14, Luke 16:15, Revelation 17:4-5).

IN DANIEL: “When you see the abomination of desolation spoken of by Daniel the prophet.” “Abomination of desolation” translates the Greek clause to belugma tés erémōseōs. With slight variations, the same clause occurs three times in Daniel in its Septuagint version, as follows:

• (Daniel 9:27) – “Abomination of the desolation” - (belugma tōn erémōseōs).
• (Daniel 11:31) - “Abomination that desolates” - (belugma éphanismenon).
• (Daniel 12:11) – “Abomination of desolation” - (belugma erémōseōs).

None is an exact match to the Greek clause found in Matthew or Mark. Regardless, “abomination of desolation” refers to the same event in all three passages in Daniel – That is, to something that desecrated the sanctuary and caused the cessation of the daily burnt offering.

• (Daniel 11:31) – “And forces shall stand on his part, and they shall profane the sanctuary, even the fortress, and shall take away the daily burnt-offering, and they will set up the abomination that makes desolate.”

IN LUKE: The version of the saying in the gospel of Luke is more explicit. When the disciples saw the city “encompassed by armies,” then its “desolation” or erémōsis was imminent.

• (Luke 21:20-24) - “These are the days of vengeance that all things written may be fulfilled…there shall be great TRIBULATION (thlipsis) upon the land, and WRATH ON THIS PEOPLE. And they shall fall by the edge of the sword and shall be led captive into all the nations: and Jerusalem shall be TRAMPLED (peteō) of the Gentiles, until the times of the Gentiles are fulfilled.”

Luke linked the “desolation” to a future siege of Jerusalem. He wrote previously of this same event:

• “Days are coming when your enemies will throw around you a rampart, and surround you and enclose you on every side…and they shall not leave in you ONE STONE UPON ANOTHER, because you knew not the TIME OF YOUR VISITATION (episkopés)” - (Luke 19:41-44).

“One stone upon another” is a verbal parallel to the prediction of the Temple’s destruction - (“There shall not be left here one stone upon another that shall not be cast down” – (Matthew 24:1-3, Mark 13:1-3).

The passages in Luke use language from the Septuagint version of Isaiah 10:3-6:

• “What will ye do in the day of VISITATION (episkopés) and in the TRIBULATION (thlipsis) that will come from far? ... They shall only bow down under the prisoners and fall under the slain. For all this his anger is not turned away, but his hand is stretched out still. Ho, Assyrian, rod of my anger, the staff in whose hand is my indignation! I will send him against a profane nation, and against the PEOPLE OF MY WRATH will I give him a charge, to take the spoil, and to take the prey, and to TRAMPLE (katapeteō) them like the mire of the streets.”

Isaiah pronounced a judicial sentence on Israel for conspiring with Damascus to press Judah into an alliance against Assyria. That punishment was executed by the Assyrian Empire when it destroyed Israel and Damascus, then sent their populations of into captivity - (Isaiah 17:1-6).

Roman Arch - Photo by Jace & Afsoon on Unsplash

The gospel of Luke records a related prediction by Jesus - “Many will fall by the edge of the sword and be led captive into all the nations until the times of the Gentiles are fulfilled.” This indicated a period of some duration between the fall of Jerusalem and the end of the age. Likewise, the destruction of the city by a Roman army was not followed by the immediate return of Jesus.

Luke defines the demise of Jerusalem as “wrath upon this people.” “People” or laos in the Greek scriptures normally refers to the Jewish “people” in distinction from the Gentiles. Thus, Jesus predicted judgment and destruction on the Jewish nation.

Thus, the gospel of Luke connects the destruction of the city to the “desolation” prophesied in the book of Daniel. All this took place in A.D. 70 when Jerusalem was besieged, captured, and destroyed by a Roman army.

“GREAT TRIBULATION”: Jesus called the coming destruction of the city “a great tribulation, such as was not since the beginning of the world to this time, no, nor ever shall be.” The words are derived from the book of Daniel:

• (Daniel 12:1) - “There shall be a time of tribulation such as never was since there was a nation even to that same time.”

The gospels of Matthew and Mark call this a “great tribulation.” Luke employs a parallel clause, “great distress,” which would befall the Jewish nation.

“LET THE READER UNDERSTAND”: The call for the “reader to understand” is another link to Daniel, where the angel told the prophet:

• “The words are shut up and sealed till the time of the end… none of the wicked shall understand; but they that are wise shall understand” - (Daniel 12:9-11).

The admonishment by Jesus was a call for discernment. The correct understanding of events was not easily deciphered.

“STANDING IN THE HOLY PLACE”: To survive, the disciples were to flee when they saw the “abomination of desolation standing in the holy place”. The version in Mark reads, “Standing where he ought not.”

In Matthew, the pronoun is neuter (“it”), which corresponds to the neuter gender of the noun “abomination.” In the Greek language, the gender of the pronoun matches its associated noun. Whether Mark intended us to understand “he” as an individual is not clear. The masculine gender cannot be pressed too far without further information. In Luke, the “desolation” is caused by an attacking army.

SCRIPTURAL AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND: Jesus used terms from Daniel to warn his disciples how to avoid the approaching danger. His description of an abominable thing “standing” in the Temple drew especially from the eighth chapter of Daniel:

• “And out of one of them came forth a little horn…it magnified itself, even to the prince of the host; and it took away from him the daily burnt-offering, and the place of his sanctuary was cast down. And the host was given over to it together with the continual burnt-offering through transgression; and it cast down truth to the ground, and it did its pleasure and prospered. Then I heard a holy one speaking; and another holy one said to that certain one who spoke, How long shall be the vision concerning the daily burnt-offering, and the transgression that makes desolate to give both the sanctuary and the host to be trodden under foot?” – (Daniel 8:9-13).

In his vision, Daniel saw a goat with a large horn that overthrew a ram.  The horn was broken and replaced by four smaller horns.  From one of them rose the “little horn” that removed the daily burnt offering, cast down the sanctuary, and installed the “transgression that desolates” - (Daniel 7:8-11, 7:20-21, 8:7-14).

In the interpretation, the ram represented the Medo-Persian empire, the goat Greece, and its “great horn” Greece’s first king. The four smaller horns were four lesser kingdoms that rose after the first king’s death. When “transgressors come to the full, a king of fierce countenance will destroy the mighty ones and the saints, he will stand (stésetai) against the prince of princes” - (Daniel 8:20-25).

The triumph of Greece over Persia is described again in the eleventh chapter of Daniel, followed by a “history” of two of the four subsequent Greek kingdoms, culminating in the story of a later tyrannical king who desecrated the Temple:

• (Daniel 11:1-4) - “Behold, there shall stand up yet three kings in Persia; and the fourth shall be far richer than they all: and when he is waxed strong through his riches, he shall stir up all against the realm of Greece. And a mighty king shall stand up, that shall rule with great dominion, and do according to his will. And when he shall stand up, his kingdom shall be broken, and shall be divided toward the four winds of heaven.”
• (Daniel 11:31) - “And forces will stand-up (anastésontai) on his part and they will profane the sanctuary, remove the daily burnt-offering and set up the abomination that makes desolate.”

Common to both visions is the pollution of the sanctuary, the cessation of the daily sacrifice, and the “standing up” of an opposing force.

The Persian Empire was overthrown by Alexander the Great. His death resulted in the division of his empire into four smaller realms.  A later king from one of them, the Seleucid ruler Antiochus IV (the “little horn”), persecuted the Jewish nation, suppressed its religious rites, desecrated the Temple, terminated the daily burnt offering, and installed an altar to Zeus Olympias in the Temple, the “abomination that desolates.”

These ancient events constituted the initial fulfillment of Daniel’s vision. Jesus uses this background to portray the coming destruction of Jerusalem and the Temple.

FALSE PROPHETS: Jesus warned of coming deceivers who would deceive “many,” even “the elect.” That warning also echoed a passage from Daniel:

• (Daniel 8:23-25) - The “fierce king would destroy the holy people and by cunning cause deceit to succeed; he will destroy many; he will also stand up against the prince of princes, but he shall be broken without hand.”

The Lord warned his disciples to flee Jerusalem when they saw certain events. In contrast, the “deceivers” pointed to wars, earthquakes, and the like, as evidence of the Messiah’s soon arrival.

The destruction of Jerusalem and the arrival of the “Son of Man” are related but NOT identical or concurrent events.

SUMMARY: Two things are clear about the “abomination of desolation.” First, whatever it was, it was localized in the city of Jerusalem. Second, Jerusalem and the Temple would be destroyed when it appeared, and the Jewish people would find themselves under “great distress,” NOT the entire world. Those affected would be the residents of Judea and Jerusalem.

Christians were to flee the city AND Judea when they saw Jerusalem surrounded by hostile forces. If return of Jesus followed the “abomination of desolation,” there would be no point in fleeing from the city for another location. Moreover, there would be no consequent scattering of the Jewish people among the nations.

Whatever the “abomination of desolation” was, Jesus linked it to the Temple standing in his day. Luke’s account is the clearest. In view was the destruction of Jerusalem by a Roman army, which occurred in A.D. 70, well within a “generation” of Christ’s warning. Neither the “abomination of desolation” nor the destruction of the Temple produced the end of the age, at least, not yet.

The “abomination of desolation” predicted by Jesus was fulfilled by past historical events. It remains to be seen whether there is yet a future fulfillment or application of this prophecy. However, the past fulfillment must not be ignored or discounted.

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