144,000 Priests on Zion
The 144,000 males on Mount Zion comprise the first fruit of the final harvest, the priestly company that follows the Lamb – Revelation 14:1-5.
Previously, John saw the 144,000 “males” from the tribes of Israel encamped in the wilderness. Now, they appear together on “Mount Zion” as a priestly company, the “first fruits” of the greater harvest to come. They stand with the “Lamb” in contrast to the “inhabitants of the earth” who bow and give total allegiance to the “Beast from the Sea.”
These 144,000 men have God’s name “written on their foreheads,” but the “inhabitants of the earth” have their foreheads “branded” with the “mark of the Beast.”
The “name of the Father” is the equivalent of the “seal of God” that is placed on the “servants of God” in chapter 7. And to the church at Philadelphia, Jesus promises he will write the “name of his God” on the forehead of every believer who “overcomes.”
- (Revelation 14:1-5) – “And I saw, and behold, the Lamb, standing upon the mount Zion, and with him a hundred and forty-four thousand, having his name and his Father’s name written on their foreheads. And I heard a sound out of heaven, as the sound of many waters, and as the sound of loud thunders; and the sound which I heard was as of harp-singers harping with their harps, and they sing, as it were, a new song before the throne and before the four living creatures and the elders. And no one was able to learn the song, save the hundred and forty-four thousand who had been redeemed from the earth. These are they who with women were not defiled, for they are virgins. These are they who follow the Lamb wherever he is going. These were redeemed from mankind, as the first fruit for God and the Lamb; and in their mouth was found no falsehood, blameless they are.”
LAMB’S REIGN
Previously, the “Dragon” was seen standing “by the seashore” summoning his “seed” to attack the “seed of the woman” - the beasts from the sea and the earth. Now, John sees the “Lamb” standing on “Zion.”
To ask whether this refers to “heavenly” Zion is to miss the point of the contrast. The “inhabitants of the earth” prostrate themselves before the “Beast,” but the followers of the “Lamb” stand with him on Mount “Zion.” And in old Jerusalem, Zion is the hill on which the Temple and sanctuary sit.
Revelation continues to build its portrait of the “Lamb” using the second Psalm. In it, the Messiah appointed by Yahweh reigns already from “Mount Zion.”
The present passage details how his followers overcome to reign with him over the nations. In the preceding visions, Satan attempts to destroy the messianic “son” and his people, the “seed of the woman.” God responds by providing victory through His anointed one, Jesus.
- (Psalm 2:1-6) - “Wherefore have nations assembled in tumult? Or should peoples mutter an empty thing? The kings of earth take their station, and grave men have met by appointment together, against Yahweh and against his Anointed One, saying: Let us break asunder their bonds, and cast from us their cords! He that sits in the heavens will laugh, My Lord will mock at them. Then, will he speak to them in his anger, and in his wrath confound them. Yet I have installed my king on Zion, my holy mountain.”
THE 144,000
The number 144,000 is symbolic, a multiple of 12, a number elsewhere associated with the people of God. But the symbolism is fluid.
In chapter 7, the 12,000 “males” from Israel become the “innumerable multitude” of men redeemed from “every tribe and nation.” In the present passage, the stress falls on the company that has been “purchased from the earth” as the “first fruits” of the harvest to come - (Revelation 7:1-17, 21:12-21).
The “voice of many waters” provides a verbal link to the opening vision of one “like a son of man” who is walking among the seven churches – “And his feet like burnished brass, as if it had been refined in a furnace, and his voice as the voice of many waters.” That same Jesus now stands with his saints on “Zion” - (Revelation 1:15).
The men “singing a new song” and “harping their harps” echo the words heard in the vision of the throne. In anticipation of the Lamb’s victory, the “twenty-four elders” and “four living creatures” played their harps and “sang a new song” in praise of the one who “purchased men from every nation,” making them a “kingdom of priests.” That is now the reality on “Mount Zion,” and only the men who are redeemed by the “Lamb” understand the “new song” - (Revelation 5:8-10, Exodus 19:5-6).
The priestly company is composed of men “PURCHASED from the earth” (agorazō). This translates the same Greek verb rendered “purchased” in chapter 5 - “You are worthy to take the book and open its seals because you PURCHASED [agorazō] us for God by your blood out of every kindred, and tongue, and people, and nation.” Thus, standing on “Mount Zion” with the “Lamb” is the same group that has been purchased from every nation by his lifeblood.
The Greek term agorazō or “purchased” is from the noun for the marketplace, the agōra. There is a deliberate contrast with the activities of the “false prophet” that excludes anyone from economic activity who refuses to venerate the “Beast" (“That no man might buy [agorazō] or sell, except he that had the mark”).
But the “Beast” has no authority to prohibit the “Lamb” from “purchasing” whomever he pleases from the nations, and that counts far more than any economic sanctions imposed by the “False Prophet.”
PRIESTS
The redeemed men of the earth constitute a priestly company. Likewise, the men “purchased by his blood” seen previously standing before the throne constitute a “kingdom of priests.” So, also, the “innumerable multitude” is seen standing before the “Lamb” arrayed in WHITE PRIESTLY ROBES while “rendering divine service” before the throne – (Revelation 5:9-11, 7:9-17).
The 144,000 “males” are ritually pure (“They were not defiled with women”) in contrast to the Nicolaitans and the “teaching of Balaam” that taught Israel “to eat things sacrificed to idols and commit fornication.” They are called “males” because they are “priests of God” - (Revelation 2:14, Numbers 25:1-4).
And they are the “FIRST FRUITS” of the final “harvest,” just as the Levites were the “first fruits” of the men of Israel destined to inherit the promised land. Thus, the 144,000 “males” are the “first fruits” of the final harvest of men that will be “reaped” at the “final hour” - (Revelation 14:15-16).
This priestly company follows the “LAMB WHEREVER HE GOES.” His disciples tread the same self-sacrificial path that he did. It is his “army” sent into battle in response to the question raised in Chapter 13 - “Who can make war with the beast?”
The “soldiers” of the “Lamb” refuse to give allegiance to the “Beast for the Sea,” and they are neither fooled nor defiled by the lies of the “False Prophet.” They are well-equipped by Jesus to wage war with the “Dragon.”
But the followers of Jesus “overcome the Dragon” and his earthly agents in the same paradoxical manner as Jesus - through faithful witness, self-sacrificial suffering, and “faithfulness unto death.”
